-m MODULE, --module MODULE

Asks mypy to type check the provided module. This flag may be repeated multiple times.

Mypy will not recursively type check any submodules of the provided module.

-p PACKAGE, --package PACKAGE

Asks mypy to type check the provided package. This flag may be repeated multiple times.

Mypy will recursively type check any submodules of the provided package. This flag is identical to --module apart from this behavior.

-c PROGRAM_TEXT, --command PROGRAM_TEXT

Asks mypy to type check the provided string as a program.

--exclude

A regular expression that matches file names, directory names and paths which mypy should ignore while recursively discovering files to check. Use forward slashes on all platforms.

For instance, to avoid discovering any files named setup.py you could pass --exclude '/setup\.py$'. Similarly, you can ignore discovering directories with a given name by e.g. --exclude /build/ or those matching a subpath with --exclude /project/vendor/. To ignore multiple files / directories / paths, you can provide the --exclude flag more than once, e.g --exclude '/setup\.py$' --exclude '/build/'.

Note that this flag only affects recursive directory tree discovery, that is, when mypy is discovering files within a directory tree or submodules of a package to check. If you pass a file or module explicitly it will still be checked. For instance, mypy --exclude '/setup.py$' but_still_check/setup.py.

In particular, --exclude does not affect mypy's import following. You can use a per-module

:confval:`follow_imports`

config option to additionally avoid mypy from following imports and checking code you do not wish to be checked.

Note that mypy will never recursively discover files and directories named "site-packages", "node_modules" or "__pycache__", or those whose name starts with a period, exactly as --exclude '/(site-packages|node_modules|__pycache__|\..*)/$' would. Mypy will also never recursively discover files with extensions other than .py or .pyi.

-h, --help

Show help message and exit.

-v, --verbose

More verbose messages.

-V, --version

Show program's version number and exit.

--config-file CONFIG_FILE

This flag makes mypy read configuration settings from the given file.

By default settings are read from mypy.ini, .mypy.ini, pyproject.toml, or setup.cfg in the current directory. Settings override mypy's built-in defaults and command line flags can override settings.

Specifying --config-file= (with no filename) will ignore all config files.

See config-file for the syntax of configuration files.

--warn-unused-configs

This flag makes mypy warn about unused [mypy-<pattern>] config file sections. (This requires turning off incremental mode using --no-incremental.)

--explicit-package-bases

This flag tells mypy that top-level packages will be based in either the current directory, or a member of the MYPYPATH environment variable or

:confval:`mypy_path`

config option. This option is only useful in the absence of __init__.py. See Mapping file paths to modules for details.

--ignore-missing-imports

This flag makes mypy ignore all missing imports. It is equivalent to adding # type: ignore comments to all unresolved imports within your codebase.

Note that this flag does not suppress errors about missing names in successfully resolved modules. For example, if one has the following files:

package/__init__.py
package/mod.py

Then mypy will generate the following errors with --ignore-missing-imports:

import package.unknown      # No error, ignored
x = package.unknown.func()  # OK. 'func' is assumed to be of type 'Any'
from package import unknown          # No error, ignored
from package.mod import NonExisting  # Error: Module has no attribute 'NonExisting'

For more details, see ignore-missing-imports.

--follow-imports {normal,silent,skip,error}

This flag adjusts how mypy follows imported modules that were not explicitly passed in via the command line.

The default option is normal: mypy will follow and type check all modules. For more information on what the other options do, see Following imports.

--python-executable EXECUTABLE

This flag will have mypy collect type information from PEP 561 compliant packages installed for the Python executable EXECUTABLE. If not provided, mypy will use PEP 561 compliant packages installed for the Python executable running mypy.

See installed-packages for more on making PEP 561 compliant packages.

--no-site-packages

This flag will disable searching for PEP 561 compliant packages. This will also disable searching for a usable Python executable.

Use this flag if mypy cannot find a Python executable for the version of Python being checked, and you don't need to use PEP 561 typed packages. Otherwise, use --python-executable.

--no-silence-site-packages

By default, mypy will suppress any error messages generated within PEP 561 compliant packages. Adding this flag will disable this behavior.

--fast-module-lookup

The default logic used to scan through search paths to resolve imports has a quadratic worse-case behavior in some cases, which is for instance triggered by a large number of folders sharing a top-level namespace as in:

foo/
    company/
        foo/
            a.py
bar/
    company/
        bar/
            b.py
baz/
    company/
        baz/
            c.py
...

If you are in this situation, you can enable an experimental fast path by setting the --fast-module-lookup option.

--no-namespace-packages

This flag disables import discovery of namespace packages (see PEP 420). In particular, this prevents discovery of packages that don't have an __init__.py (or __init__.pyi) file.

This flag affects how mypy finds modules and packages explicitly passed on the command line. It also affects how mypy determines fully qualified module names for files passed on the command line. See Mapping file paths to modules for details.

--python-version X.Y

This flag will make mypy type check your code as if it were run under Python version X.Y. Without this option, mypy will default to using whatever version of Python is running mypy.

This flag will attempt to find a Python executable of the corresponding version to search for PEP 561 compliant packages. If you'd like to disable this, use the --no-site-packages flag (see Import discovery for more details).

--platform PLATFORM

This flag will make mypy type check your code as if it were run under the given operating system. Without this option, mypy will default to using whatever operating system you are currently using.

The PLATFORM parameter may be any string supported by sys.platform.

--always-true NAME

This flag will treat all variables named NAME as compile-time constants that are always true. This flag may be repeated.

--always-false NAME

This flag will treat all variables named NAME as compile-time constants that are always false. This flag may be repeated.

--disallow-any-unimported

This flag disallows usage of types that come from unfollowed imports (such types become aliases for Any). Unfollowed imports occur either when the imported module does not exist or when --follow-imports=skip is set.

--disallow-any-expr

This flag disallows all expressions in the module that have type Any. If an expression of type Any appears anywhere in the module mypy will output an error unless the expression is immediately used as an argument to cast() or assigned to a variable with an explicit type annotation.

In addition, declaring a variable of type Any or casting to type Any is not allowed. Note that calling functions that take parameters of type Any is still allowed.

--disallow-any-decorated

This flag disallows functions that have Any in their signature after decorator transformation.

--disallow-any-explicit

This flag disallows explicit Any in type positions such as type annotations and generic type parameters.

--disallow-any-generics

This flag disallows usage of generic types that do not specify explicit type parameters. For example, you can't use a bare x: list. Instead, you must always write something like x: list[int].

--disallow-subclassing-any

This flag reports an error whenever a class subclasses a value of type Any. This may occur when the base class is imported from a module that doesn't exist (when using --ignore-missing-imports) or is ignored due to --follow-imports=skip or a # type: ignore comment on the import statement.

Since the module is silenced, the imported class is given a type of Any. By default mypy will assume that the subclass correctly inherited the base class even though that may not actually be the case. This flag makes mypy raise an error instead.

--disallow-untyped-calls

This flag reports an error whenever a function with type annotations calls a function defined without annotations.

--untyped-calls-exclude

This flag allows to selectively disable --disallow-untyped-calls for functions and methods defined in specific packages, modules, or classes. Note that each exclude entry acts as a prefix. For example (assuming there are no type annotations for third_party_lib available):

# mypy --disallow-untyped-calls
#      --untyped-calls-exclude=third_party_lib.module_a
#      --untyped-calls-exclude=foo.A
from third_party_lib.module_a import some_func
from third_party_lib.module_b import other_func
import foo
some_func()  # OK, function comes from module `third_party_lib.module_a`
other_func()  # E: Call to untyped function "other_func" in typed context
foo.A().meth()  # OK, method was defined in class `foo.A`
foo.B().meth()  # E: Call to untyped function "meth" in typed context
# file foo.py
class A:
    def meth(self): pass
class B:
    def meth(self): pass

--disallow-untyped-defs

This flag reports an error whenever it encounters a function definition without type annotations or with incomplete type annotations. (a superset of --disallow-incomplete-defs).

For example, it would report an error for def f(a, b) and def f(a: int, b).

--disallow-incomplete-defs

This flag reports an error whenever it encounters a partly annotated function definition, while still allowing entirely unannotated definitions.

For example, it would report an error for def f(a: int, b) but not def f(a, b).

--check-untyped-defs

This flag is less severe than the previous two options -- it type checks the body of every function, regardless of whether it has type annotations. (By default the bodies of functions without annotations are not type checked.)

It will assume all arguments have type Any and always infer Any as the return type.

--disallow-untyped-decorators

This flag reports an error whenever a function with type annotations is decorated with a decorator without annotations.

--implicit-optional

This flag causes mypy to treat arguments with a None default value as having an implicit Optional type.

For example, if this flag is set, mypy would assume that the x parameter is actually of type Optional[int] in the code snippet below since the default parameter is None:

def foo(x: int = None) -> None:
    print(x)

Note: This was disabled by default starting in mypy 0.980.

--no-strict-optional

This flag effectively disables checking of Optional types and None values. With this option, mypy doesn't generally check the use of None values -- it is treated as compatible with every type.

WARNING:

--warn-redundant-casts

This flag will make mypy report an error whenever your code uses an unnecessary cast that can safely be removed.

--warn-unused-ignores

This flag will make mypy report an error whenever your code uses a # type: ignore comment on a line that is not actually generating an error message.

This flag, along with the --warn-redundant-casts flag, are both particularly useful when you are upgrading mypy. Previously, you may have needed to add casts or # type: ignore annotations to work around bugs in mypy or missing stubs for 3rd party libraries.

These two flags let you discover cases where either workarounds are no longer necessary.

--no-warn-no-return

By default, mypy will generate errors when a function is missing return statements in some execution paths. The only exceptions are when:

Passing in --no-warn-no-return will disable these error messages in all cases.

--warn-return-any

This flag causes mypy to generate a warning when returning a value with type Any from a function declared with a non-Any return type.

--warn-unreachable

This flag will make mypy report an error whenever it encounters code determined to be unreachable or redundant after performing type analysis. This can be a helpful way of detecting certain kinds of bugs in your code.

For example, enabling this flag will make mypy report that the x > 7 check is redundant and that the else block below is unreachable.

def process(x: int) -> None:
    # Error: Right operand of "or" is never evaluated
    if isinstance(x, int) or x > 7:
        # Error: Unsupported operand types for + ("int" and "str")
        print(x + "bad")
    else:
        # Error: 'Statement is unreachable' error
        print(x + "bad")

To help prevent mypy from generating spurious warnings, the "Statement is unreachable" warning will be silenced in exactly two cases:

NOTE:

--allow-untyped-globals

This flag causes mypy to suppress errors caused by not being able to fully infer the types of global and class variables.

--allow-redefinition

By default, mypy won't allow a variable to be redefined with an unrelated type. This flag enables redefinition of a variable with an arbitrary type in some contexts: only redefinitions within the same block and nesting depth as the original definition are allowed. Example where this can be useful:

def process(items: list[str]) -> None:
    # 'items' has type list[str]
    items = [item.split() for item in items]
    # 'items' now has type list[list[str]]

The variable must be used before it can be redefined:

def process(items: list[str]) -> None:
   items = "mypy"  # invalid redefinition to str because the variable hasn't been used yet
   print(items)
   items = "100"  # valid, items now has type str
   items = int(items)  # valid, items now has type int

--local-partial-types

In mypy, the most common cases for partial types are variables initialized using None, but without explicit Optional annotations. By default, mypy won't check partial types spanning module top level or class top level. This flag changes the behavior to only allow partial types at local level, therefore it disallows inferring variable type for None from two assignments in different scopes. For example:

from typing import Optional
a = None  # Need type annotation here if using --local-partial-types
b: Optional[int] = None
class Foo:
    bar = None  # Need type annotation here if using --local-partial-types
    baz: Optional[int] = None
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.bar = 1
reveal_type(Foo().bar)  # Union[int, None] without --local-partial-types

Note: this option is always implicitly enabled in mypy daemon and will become enabled by default for mypy in a future release.

--no-implicit-reexport

By default, imported values to a module are treated as exported and mypy allows other modules to import them. This flag changes the behavior to not re-export unless the item is imported using from-as or is included in __all__. Note this is always treated as enabled for stub files. For example:

# This won't re-export the value
from foo import bar
# Neither will this
from foo import bar as bang
# This will re-export it as bar and allow other modules to import it
from foo import bar as bar
# This will also re-export bar
from foo import bar
__all__ = ['bar']

--strict-equality

By default, mypy allows always-false comparisons like 42 == 'no'. Use this flag to prohibit such comparisons of non-overlapping types, and similar identity and container checks:

from typing import Text
items: list[int]
if 'some string' in items:  # Error: non-overlapping container check!
    ...
text: Text
if text != b'other bytes':  # Error: non-overlapping equality check!
    ...
assert text is not None  # OK, check against None is allowed as a special case.

--extra-checks

This flag enables additional checks that are technically correct but may be impractical in real code. In particular, it prohibits partial overlap in TypedDict updates, and makes arguments prepended via Concatenate positional-only. For example:

from typing import TypedDict
class Foo(TypedDict):
    a: int
class Bar(TypedDict):
    a: int
    b: int
def test(foo: Foo, bar: Bar) -> None:
    # This is technically unsafe since foo can have a subtype of Foo at
    # runtime, where type of key "b" is incompatible with int, see below
    bar.update(foo)
class Bad(Foo):
    b: str
bad: Bad = {"a": 0, "b": "no"}
test(bad, bar)

--strict

This flag mode enables all optional error checking flags. You can see the list of flags enabled by strict mode in the full mypy --help output.

Note: the exact list of flags enabled by running --strict may change over time.

--disable-error-code

This flag allows disabling one or multiple error codes globally. See error-codes for more information.

# no flag
x = 'a string'
x.trim()  # error: "str" has no attribute "trim"  [attr-defined]
# When using --disable-error-code attr-defined
x = 'a string'
x.trim()

--enable-error-code

This flag allows enabling one or multiple error codes globally. See error-codes for more information.

Note: This flag will override disabled error codes from the --disable-error-code flag.

# When using --disable-error-code attr-defined
x = 'a string'
x.trim()
# --disable-error-code attr-defined --enable-error-code attr-defined
x = 'a string'
x.trim()  # error: "str" has no attribute "trim"  [attr-defined]

--show-error-context

This flag will precede all errors with "note" messages explaining the context of the error. For example, consider the following program:

class Test:
    def foo(self, x: int) -> int:
        return x + "bar"

Mypy normally displays an error message that looks like this:

main.py:3: error: Unsupported operand types for + ("int" and "str")

If we enable this flag, the error message now looks like this:

main.py: note: In member "foo" of class "Test":
main.py:3: error: Unsupported operand types for + ("int" and "str")

--show-column-numbers

This flag will add column offsets to error messages. For example, the following indicates an error in line 12, column 9 (note that column offsets are 0-based):

main.py:12:9: error: Unsupported operand types for / ("int" and "str")

--show-error-end

This flag will make mypy show not just that start position where an error was detected, but also the end position of the relevant expression. This way various tools can easily highlight the whole error span. The format is file:line:column:end_line:end_column. This option implies --show-column-numbers.

--hide-error-codes

This flag will hide the error code [<code>] from error messages. By default, the error code is shown after each error message:

prog.py:1: error: "str" has no attribute "trim"  [attr-defined]

See error-codes for more information.

--pretty

Use visually nicer output in error messages: use soft word wrap, show source code snippets, and show error location markers.

--no-color-output

This flag will disable color output in error messages, enabled by default.

--no-error-summary

This flag will disable error summary. By default mypy shows a summary line including total number of errors, number of files with errors, and number of files checked.

--show-absolute-path

Show absolute paths to files.

--soft-error-limit N

This flag will adjust the limit after which mypy will (sometimes) disable reporting most additional errors. The limit only applies if it seems likely that most of the remaining errors will not be useful or they may be overly noisy. If N is negative, there is no limit. The default limit is -1.

--force-uppercase-builtins

Always use List instead of list in error messages, even on Python 3.9+.

--force-union-syntax

Always use Union[] and Optional[] for union types in error messages (instead of the | operator), even on Python 3.10+.

--no-incremental

This flag disables incremental mode: mypy will no longer reference the cache when re-run.

Note that mypy will still write out to the cache even when incremental mode is disabled: see the --cache-dir flag below for more details.

--cache-dir DIR

By default, mypy stores all cache data inside of a folder named .mypy_cache in the current directory. This flag lets you change this folder. This flag can also be useful for controlling cache use when using remote caching.

This setting will override the MYPY_CACHE_DIR environment variable if it is set.

Mypy will also always write to the cache even when incremental mode is disabled so it can "warm up" the cache. To disable writing to the cache, use --cache-dir=/dev/null (UNIX) or --cache-dir=nul (Windows).

--sqlite-cache

Use an SQLite database to store the cache.

--cache-fine-grained

Include fine-grained dependency information in the cache for the mypy daemon.

--skip-version-check

By default, mypy will ignore cache data generated by a different version of mypy. This flag disables that behavior.

--skip-cache-mtime-checks

Skip cache internal consistency checks based on mtime.

--pdb

This flag will invoke the Python debugger when mypy encounters a fatal error.

--show-traceback, --tb

If set, this flag will display a full traceback when mypy encounters a fatal error.

--raise-exceptions

Raise exception on fatal error.

--custom-typing-module MODULE

This flag lets you use a custom module as a substitute for the typing module.

--custom-typeshed-dir DIR

This flag specifies the directory where mypy looks for standard library typeshed stubs, instead of the typeshed that ships with mypy. This is primarily intended to make it easier to test typeshed changes before submitting them upstream, but also allows you to use a forked version of typeshed.

Note that this doesn't affect third-party library stubs. To test third-party stubs, for example try MYPYPATH=stubs/six mypy ....

--warn-incomplete-stub

This flag modifies both the --disallow-untyped-defs and --disallow-incomplete-defs flags so they also report errors if stubs in typeshed are missing type annotations or has incomplete annotations. If both flags are missing, --warn-incomplete-stub also does nothing.

This flag is mainly intended to be used by people who want contribute to typeshed and would like a convenient way to find gaps and omissions.

If you want mypy to report an error when your codebase uses an untyped function, whether that function is defined in typeshed or not, use the --disallow-untyped-calls flag. See Untyped definitions and calls for more details.

--shadow-file SOURCE_FILE SHADOW_FILE

When mypy is asked to type check SOURCE_FILE, this flag makes mypy read from and type check the contents of SHADOW_FILE instead. However, diagnostics will continue to refer to SOURCE_FILE.

Specifying this argument multiple times (--shadow-file X1 Y1 --shadow-file X2 Y2) will allow mypy to perform multiple substitutions.

This allows tooling to create temporary files with helpful modifications without having to change the source file in place. For example, suppose we have a pipeline that adds reveal_type for certain variables. This pipeline is run on original.py to produce temp.py. Running mypy --shadow-file original.py temp.py original.py will then cause mypy to type check the contents of temp.py instead of original.py, but error messages will still reference original.py.

--any-exprs-report DIR

Causes mypy to generate a text file report documenting how many expressions of type Any are present within your codebase.

--cobertura-xml-report DIR

Causes mypy to generate a Cobertura XML type checking coverage report.

To generate this report, you must either manually install the lxml library or specify mypy installation with the setuptools extra mypy[reports].

--html-report / --xslt-html-report DIR

Causes mypy to generate an HTML type checking coverage report.

To generate this report, you must either manually install the lxml library or specify mypy installation with the setuptools extra mypy[reports].

--linecount-report DIR

Causes mypy to generate a text file report documenting the functions and lines that are typed and untyped within your codebase.

--linecoverage-report DIR

Causes mypy to generate a JSON file that maps each source file's absolute filename to a list of line numbers that belong to typed functions in that file.

--lineprecision-report DIR

Causes mypy to generate a flat text file report with per-module statistics of how many lines are typechecked etc.

--txt-report / --xslt-txt-report DIR

Causes mypy to generate a text file type checking coverage report.

To generate this report, you must either manually install the lxml library or specify mypy installation with the setuptools extra mypy[reports].

--xml-report DIR

Causes mypy to generate an XML type checking coverage report.

To generate this report, you must either manually install the lxml library or specify mypy installation with the setuptools extra mypy[reports].

--enable-incomplete-feature {PreciseTupleTypes}

Some features may require several mypy releases to implement, for example due to their complexity, potential for backwards incompatibility, or ambiguous semantics that would benefit from feedback from the community. You can enable such features for early preview using this flag. Note that it is not guaranteed that all features will be ultimately enabled by default. In rare cases we may decide to not go ahead with certain features.

•

PreciseTupleTypes: this feature will infer more precise tuple types in various scenarios. Before variadic types were added to the Python type system by PEP 646, it was impossible to express a type like "a tuple with at least two integers". The best type available was tuple[int, ...]. Therefore, mypy applied very lenient checking for variable-length tuples. Now this type can be expressed as tuple[int, int, *tuple[int, ...]]. For such more precise types (when explicitly defined by a user) mypy, for example, warns about unsafe index access, and generally handles them in a type-safe manner. However, to avoid problems in existing code, mypy does not infer these precise types when it technically can. Here are notable examples where PreciseTupleTypes infers more precise types:

numbers: tuple[int, ...]
more_numbers = (1, *numbers, 1)
reveal_type(more_numbers)
# Without PreciseTupleTypes: tuple[int, ...]
# With PreciseTupleTypes: tuple[int, *tuple[int, ...], int]
other_numbers = (1, 1) + numbers
reveal_type(other_numbers)
# Without PreciseTupleTypes: tuple[int, ...]
# With PreciseTupleTypes: tuple[int, int, *tuple[int, ...]]
if len(numbers) > 2:
    reveal_type(numbers)
    # Without PreciseTupleTypes: tuple[int, ...]
    # With PreciseTupleTypes: tuple[int, int, int, *tuple[int, ...]]
else:
    reveal_type(numbers)
    # Without PreciseTupleTypes: tuple[int, ...]
    # With PreciseTupleTypes: tuple[()] | tuple[int] | tuple[int, int]

--install-types

This flag causes mypy to install known missing stub packages for third-party libraries using pip. It will display the pip command that will be run, and expects a confirmation before installing anything. For security reasons, these stubs are limited to only a small subset of manually selected packages that have been verified by the typeshed team. These packages include only stub files and no executable code.

If you use this option without providing any files or modules to type check, mypy will install stub packages suggested during the previous mypy run. If there are files or modules to type check, mypy first type checks those, and proposes to install missing stubs at the end of the run, but only if any missing modules were detected.

NOTE:

--non-interactive

When used together with --install-types, this causes mypy to install all suggested stub packages using pip without asking for confirmation, and then continues to perform type checking using the installed stubs, if some files or modules are provided to type check.

This is implemented as up to two mypy runs internally. The first run is used to find missing stub packages, and output is shown from this run only if no missing stub packages were found. If missing stub packages were found, they are installed and then another run is performed.

--junit-xml JUNIT_XML

Causes mypy to generate a JUnit XML test result document with type checking results. This can make it easier to integrate mypy with continuous integration (CI) tools.

--find-occurrences CLASS.MEMBER

This flag will make mypy print out all usages of a class member based on static type information. This feature is experimental.

--scripts-are-modules

This flag will give command line arguments that appear to be scripts (i.e. files whose name does not end in .py) a module name derived from the script name rather than the fixed name __main__.

This lets you check more than one script in a single mypy invocation. (The default __main__ is technically more correct, but if you have many scripts that import a large package, the behavior enabled by this flag is often more convenient.)